Hi folks,
Well, I got a physics degree 20+ years ago and haven't really used it since and have forgotten everything....However, back almost 4 years ago and knowing nothing about airsoft units I tried to up the power of the HL units. I had a load of reject HL Tigers/Pantigers to repair and they varied from 'plop out the end' to 'hurters'. This is when you put your hand in front of the cannon, fire, and go "bl00dy hell, that hurts".

I assumed the hole must be the hop-up or a power limiting feature so blocked it up. The pellets just 'plopped out'. As Crispy says, the piston cant fill the HL barrel and so sucks the pellet back, slowing it down. The angular position of the barrel varied quite a lot, so either the hole is not a hop-up, or the China girls haven't been told the correct way to put it in. ( Let me show you, dear.....)
I got a drilled out aluminium tube from a German PanzerKetten member and tried various lengths. Only the short ones (~130mm if I remember rightly) worked satisfactorily.
The best I have had so far was the PzIII. With its short, aluminium barrel it shot as a "hurter" from the start. No air hole.
I've since tuned-up a few guns and most of mine are now "hurters". The very best go beyond this and are "not doing that again-ers". This is when it _really_ hurts leaving a tender palm for many minutes.
My mods (from experience and a few things read on RCU) are:
1. Fill both halves of airsoft unit around the breech section with two-part epoxy putty to hold the breech rigid.
2. Use metal shim so that the airsoft barrel is _just_ a tight fit in the breech. Be very careful as the breech is brittle and the slightest interference fit will split it. Hence the epoxy of part 1.
3. The rubber gasket varies according to HL production availability. After I had taken several units apart I found a thinner- and a thicker-walled gasket. Only by having a few to compare can you tell which you have. The thicker one gives better results and jams less as it resists being pulled and distorted into the barrel more than the thinner one.
4. With the shim the barrel should butt cleanly up against the slight ridge inside the breech. It is best to ensure it is as (machined) flat as possible. Not having machining facilities this is not easy. But when it is flat, the rubber gasket will sit flat against it and resist distorting and jamming the unit.
5. I drill out the breech-loader pipe of the air cylinder a bit to reduce throttling of the air-flow. 0.5 to 1mm diameter seems safe. I have gone further but then the breech loader and the chamfered air-seal works less well.
6. I take the spring out and stretch it a little. But only a little. Any more and it seems to lose its cylindricality which would lead to bulging at the sides under compression and possible binding on the walls.
7. From a washer set I put a few washers in the piston barrel end that the spring presses against. This is to increase the momentum of the piston once on the move (I hope!)
8. I shorten the small spring that pushes the breech-loader cylinder back against the BB. This is to ensure the breech has come to a stop against the breech end before the piston begins its compression stroke.
Well, that's it.
I have no real evidence as to how much this improves things, but just a week ago I modded a pathetic airsoft gun that an air-gun shooting friend had. The mechanism was slightly different, but I could carry out points 5/6/7/8. This gun had a proper hop-up too.
As an experiment on a windless day I pointed the gun up vertically and fired a pellet up and then compared it against my PzIII and Pershing, both "not doing that again-ers".

The experiment was to fire the pellet and count how long it took to hit the ground again.
Without hop-up, the pellet from the gun took 6s to return to earth.
With hop-up the pellet from the gun took 5s to return to earth.
Both PzIII and Pershing pellets took just over 4s to return to earth.
My friend had a velocity measuring device so when I saw him we measured the gun's muzzle velocity. It was a shade over 100fps. I had no tanks with me so I couldn't test them.
The device he had fitted on the end of a barrel and he claimed it cost ~£40. It had an LCD display and could also be connected to a PC for logging purposes. I must say I was tempted to get one as another 'gadget' in the armoury.
Regards,
Nige